Review Of Related Literature Marriage Migration

Chapter II Review of Related Literature Marriage Migration Migration is a wide area of study to which a variety of issues arise from. Taylor Francis Online defined migration as the movement of people from one place to another with the intent of settling in the new location, either temporarily or permanently. There are different types of physical migration: intercontinental (between countries), intracontinental (between countries on a given continent), and interregional (within countries) (Taylor Francis Online, 2016). With the new development of technology and the accessibility of travel in everyday life, the migration of people has become easier and more common. Among the different types of migration, there is a†¦show more content†¦(dagdag pa kaya mo yan,Yanni! Kayod) Migration of different nationalities to foreign countries has led to the formation of interracial marriages. Interracial marriages Interracial marriages became a trend, not only in Asia, but also in Europe and the Americas as well during the time marriage brokers and Mail-Order Brides were numerous and well known. A research by Julia Reinold et al., which was requested by the European Parliament’s Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, titled International Marriage Brokers and Mail Order Brides. Analysing the need for regulation, Mail-Order Bride websites differ from traditional dating websites since Mail-Order Bride websites have an element of migration; the bride leaves her home country and later joins the Mail-Order Sponsor in his country. The first sightings of Mail-Order Brides can be found in the early 1600 s in the United States of America after the formation of the British and French colonies. Both countries encouraged people to migrate to the United States of America for the reason that migration could contribute to the development of the colony. It was around the 1700 s and 1800 s that the first International Marriage Brokers was created, assisting European women in moving to countries such as New Zealand, the United States of America, and Australia. International marriages were not frowned upon in the society.Show MoreRelatedMigratory Implications Of Media On Interracial Relationships1641 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity of Nevada – Las Vegas â€Æ' Migratory Implications in Media on Interracial Relationships Just over 50 years ago the United States Supreme Court overturned and nationalized the ruling on interracial marriage. Since then there has been an ever increasing amount of interracial marriages, along with interracial relationships. Since then there also has been a greater increase in the public being exposed to mass media. There have been numerous studies on interracial relationships, with variablesRead MoreA Research Proposal on Reproductive Health of Women and Its Relation with Medical Facilities1418 Words   |  6 Pagesinstitutional delivery is only 8%. Major causes of maternal death are hemorrhage, eclampsia, puerperal sepsis and obstructed labour. In Bangladesh every year about 3 million deliveries take place and around 12 thousand mothers die due to pregnancy related causes. On the other hand every year two hundred thousand mothers suffer from long-term ailments due to lack of consciousness of the family as well as the lack of medical facility for maternal health. Most of the causes can be prevented and treatedRead MoreDual Career Couples and Career Development1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthe family career and reallocation issues of dual career couples and what are the approaches from large and small companies towards them. CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. FAMILY CAREER ISSUES 2.2. REALLOCATION ISSUES 3. CONCLUSIONS 4. REFERENCES 1. Introduction: Dual career couple is a common term used for marriages who both wife and husband have careers and work outside home. The challenges faced by these couples has been purpose of study for HR managers, as they are more complexRead MoreEconomic Theories On Economic Migration3203 Words   |  13 PagesTable of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 Marxism Approach on Economic Migration 6 Post-Colonialism Approach on Economic Migration 7 Comparing the views of Marxist Post-Colonialist 8 Micro Macro Perspective on Economic Migration 9 Findings Discussion 10 Conclusion 11 Reference Bibliography 12 â€Æ' INTRODUCTION With the effect of globalization and modernization of the economy in the beginning of twentieth century several economic theories on migration had been developed that showsRead MoreCuases Impact of Rural - Urban Migration from District Swabi to Peshawar14595 Words   |  59 Pagesabstract MIGRATION IS THE MOVEMENT OF HUMAN FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION. ONE IS EXTERNAL MIGRATION AND OTHER IS INTERNAL MIGRATION. MIGRATION OF PEOPLE FROM RURAL AREA TO URBAN AREA IS INTERNAL MIGRATION. AS A RESEARCHER WE HAVE TRIED TO EVALUATE CAUSES AND IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION FROM SWABI TO PESHAWAR. THE RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED UNDER THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES: (I) TO KNOW ABOUT VARIOUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION. (II) TO HIGHLIGHT POLITICALRead MoreBackground Of Study Of Malaysia10269 Words   |  42 Pagescontribution to economic growth that occurred in the rural areas. Somehow, the fierce competition of globalization has resulted in a change from agriculture and mining to manufacturing and service sectors. Therefore, there is a large population migration from rural to urban areas since the 1990s due to the creation of jobs and opportunities in urban areas. As the economy is growing, there is an increased competition among nations where greater labor market flexibility and good jobs need to be createdRead MoreA Critical Examination Of The Factors Behind The Resilience Of Human Trafficking7557 Words   |  31 Pagesbeginning of civilization, but in recent years the scourge of trafficking, or what many people call modern-day slavery, has exponentially increased due to globalization, the magnitude of poverty, organized crime, government corruption, and (as it related to sex trafficking) the growth of the global commercial sex industry,† (Cullen-DuPont, 2). Against this background, the specific objectives of the study include: 1. To examine the efficiency of various interventions that fight human traffickingRead MoreBrief Summary of the Harlem Renaissance.1863 Words   |  8 Pagesto late 1920s, and then faded in the mid-1930s. The Harlem Renaissance marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously and that African American literature and arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large. Although it was primarily a literary movement, it was closely related to developments in African American music, theater, art, and politics. BEGINNINGS The Harlem Renaissance emerged amid social and intellectual upheavalRead MoreFamily Dynamics And Aggressive Behavior2380 Words   |  10 PagesArticle Review This paper will be based on two articles that I have reviewed and summarized. The two articles are: Family Dynamics and Aggressive Behavior in Latino Adolescents; and Latino Families: The Relevance of the Connection Among Acculturation, Family Dynamics, and Health for Family Counseling Research and Practice. The article review will be based on the article’s research information on the study. Also, on how it relates to the Child and Family Studies class 4300. The article reviews have informationRead MoreEducation And Socialization Among The Tribes1899 Words   |  8 PagesREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Sharma D. (1988) study on â€Å"Education and socialization among the tribes† he find out that the socialization process among the Gujjars is mostly unconscious and is sorted in the primarily institutions of the society like family, Kafila’ community and the Kinship. The proportion of gujjar children go to school is very low. The girls are not sent to school. Changes have started taking place in the life style of Gujjars but these changes are very few and only in small percentage

Free Oedipus Essays Forms Of Light And Darkness

FORMS OF LIGHT AND DARKNESS IN OEDIPUS REX As a key theme in Greek literature, it has been mentioned that truly the only ones who can see are blind. Specifically in the play â€Å"Oedipus Rex†, Sophocles has focused on nurturing the idea that there is no requirement of eyes for having a real sight, as there requires an ability for seeing beyond the dimension of elements. As per Sophocles, one should not have the ability of seeing something, but one must have the ability of understanding it (Eskin, 1963). As a thesis statement for this essay, Oedipus Rex consists of several references to sight and blindness, and to darkness and light. In context with this thesis statement, the aim of this essay is to identify three different forms of darkness and light. Blindness and Sight In the play, Teiresias has held the key linking between blindness and sight, as even though he has not sight, he has the ability of seeing and predicting the future. He also referred to the unknown incestuous relationship of Oedipus and his father murdered as well. Hence, in context with knowledge, this form of darkness and light depicts that for being blind, there is a reference to forget or done unknowingly (Eskin, 1963). As the play ended, in addition to this, Oedipus ends up blinding himself, as what has been seen by him metaphorically, leaving him without the ability of facing his parents or his family during his afterlife. (Fig: Extracts on forms of light and dark from the Play) (Source: Eskin,Show MoreRelatedQuestions On The Guilt Of Oedipus 1574 Words   |  7 PagesCounterarguments Free Will and Hamartia Counterargument #1: P. H. Vellacott for Free Will Many classicists believe that Oedipus’s fall is due to his Free will and the decisions he makes. Those who hold this belief hold that Oedipus made his own decisions, which is what led to his fall and that he was not compelled by some external source. P. H. Vellacott is a strong supporter of this theory. As such, in his famous essay, â€Å"The Guilt of Oedipus,† Vellacott argues that, factually speaking, Oedipus must haveRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesAP ENGLISH LIT AND COMP FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2004 (Form A): Critic Roland Barthes has said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer.† Choose a novel or play and, considering Barthes’ Observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or anotherRead More Plato, Sir Francis Bacon, and Albert Camus: What is knowledge?2227 Words   |  9 Pagescould be known were skills that were subjective to the user. Skepticism of this variety was encountered by one of the great minds of philosophy, Socrates, who spent much of his life, as we know it through Plato, arguing against sophism and its many forms in his pursuit of attempting to actually discover what could be known and if anyone actually did know anything. Knowledge, to Socrates, was a thing called arete or virtue, and the only thing Socrates knew was that he knew nothing which made him, ironicallyRead MoreSimilarities and Dissimilarities Between Shelley and Keats6975 Words   |  28 Pagesthe greatest Romantic writers of the period. 02)  Imagination Imagination is one of the striking characteristics of Romantic Poets. P. B. Shelleys poem To a Skylark and John Keatss poem Ode to a Nightingale are both centered on nature in the form of birds. Both poems are classified as Romantic and have certain poetic elements in common, but in addition both poems have differences in style and in theme that differentiate them clearly. Both poets are spurred to react and to write because of theirRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesto African-American spirituals uses the structure of blues songs in poetry (ex-repetition of key phrases) superficial stereotypes later revealed to be characters capable of complex moral judgments Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · this period gave birth to a new form of religious music called gospel music blues and jazz are transmitted across America via radio and phonographs Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · mass African-American migration to Northern urban centers. African-Americans have more access to media andRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesas a free amp; responsible agent, determining their own development through acts of the will. Existentialism * is a philosophical term which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives. Existentialism asserts that â€Å"existence precedes essence,† which is in opposition to the classical doctrine that â€Å"essence precedes existence.† The claim â€Å"existence precedes essence† is a rejection of the idea that human nature has an end or goal. In this sense, humans are free toRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesthey can at present be identified. No attempt has been made to impose a logical order on the illogicality of the book. Book I In the preface, after some autobiographical material, the author gives his reason for writing the work, which is to shed light on the nature of magic, a secret closely guarded by the ancient philosophers. He adds a summary of the contents of his four books (pp.1-3). This is replaced, in some manuscripts, by a detailed list of contents, arranged by chapter, of which a translation

Difference Between Personal and Professional Ethics Free Essays

. What is your perception of personal ethics Vs professional ethics? If different, can you explain the difference? A brief definition of personal ethics according to me would be an individual’s belief about morality or conscience . It defines our stand on what is right or wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Between Personal and Professional Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now This branch of ethics gradually develops since our childhood and tend to emulate the things which are set as an moral value to us by our parents or guardians in the family. It can heavily be influenced from any major incident in our life. Again I believe every individual may have its own definition of code of personal ethics. It can overlap at times or it may conflict with one another as well e. g a vegetarian may find eating non veg food as a crime. Personal ethics can influence all different areas of life such as family,finances,religion or relationship. Here the individual has the liberty and the freedom to choose his/her own set of rules if his concience conflict with that of the sorrounding’s. Professional ethics defines adherence to rules and regulation . Here the individual is expected to follow religiously, the code of ethics framed by the organization . It can be heavily influenced by the culture of the organization but it cannot change as frequently as the personal ethics. There may be at times where our personal ethics can conflict with our professional one ,for instance, when a judge enforces a death sentence on a criminal as per our law even if he is personally against death penalty. So by setting out expected behaviour in the form of professional ethics,professionals try to uphold a good reputation. On the other hand,professionals are also expected to be honest and respect the code of ethics by not getting involved in any conflict of interest. A conflict of situation may occur if an individual tries to achieve personal goal while at profession which ultimately leads to corruption. Coming across various range of people in personal and professional life , I generally find people carrying the same attitude in both sphere of life. In short ,there is definitely a line between personal and professional ethics,but that line to me is very thin and fine How to cite Difference Between Personal and Professional Ethics, Papers

Mother to Son Essay Example For Students

Mother to Son Essay MOTHER TO SONBy Lagnston HughesThe poem Mother To Son is a poem about life and how his life was. In this poem there are no similies but ther is a symbol that stands for somthing in the poem. The stairs stand for his life and in the poem he said it is not no crystal stair case, instead he said it was old a nd full of splinters in it and everything. The represent that his childhood was rough. Langston Hughes was a African American who was born in James Langston Hughes in Japlin, Missouri, on Feb. 1, 1902. Hughes’s last collection, The Panther and the Lash which came shortly after his deathin 1967, which is dedicated to Rosa Parks whose refusel to give up her seat on the bus boycott in 1955, but before he died he did lots of stuff like at the age of fourteen he went to Mexico and then New York City, where he attended Columbia Universary for a year. Langston Hughes sighned on as a new crew memberof a steamer and spent two years working his way around Africa and Europe. For his poetry, Hughes drew on a mordern folkand jazz rhythms, the kind of speech and music he heard in the African American community. Hughes’ work, down -to-earth and realistic, pointed the way to a new, distinctly American kind of poetry. Langston Hughes wrote his poems about the racism going on today, and Langston Hughes found himself broke in the city of Genoal, which is in Italy, at the of twenty-two. He was composed as one of the most Famous Poetio statments in the twentith-centrey American Liteature. He wrote a poem called â€Å"I Too†, which was about his childhood as a black man. In the poem â€Å"I Too† Langston Hughes was speaking about how some people should meditate about things beyond the mudane and worldly. Also his parents were not well macthed. That is my report about a wonder poet Langston Hughes. Written by: â€Å"me† Jake Boender

United States of American Personal Freedom Essay Example For Students

United States of American: Personal Freedom Essay United States of American: Personal FreedomNo other democratic society in the world permits personal freedoms tothe degree of the United States of America. Within the last sixty years,American courts, especially the Supreme Court, have developed a set of legaldoctrines that thoroughly protect all forms of the freedom of expression. Whenit comes to evaluating the degree to which we take advantage of the opportunityto express our opinions, some members of society may be guilty of violating thebounds of the First Amendment by publicly offending others through obscenity orracism. Americans have developed a distinct disposition toward the freedom ofexpression throughout history. The First Amendment clearly voices a great American respect toward thefreedom of religion. It also prevents the government from abridging thefreedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably toassemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.Sincethe early history of our country, the protection of basic freedoms has been ofthe utmost importance to Americans. In Langston Hughes poem, Freedom, he emphasizes the struggle to enjoythe freedoms that he knows are rightfully his. He reflects the American desirefor freedom now when he says, I do not need my freedom when Im dead. I cannotlive on tomorrows bread.He recognizes the need for freedom in its entiretywithout compromise or fear. We will write a custom essay on United States of American: Personal Freedom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I think Langston Hughes captures the essence of the American immigrantsquest for freedom in his poem, Freedoms Plow. He accurately describesAmericans as arriving with nothing but dreams and building America with thehopes of finding greater freedom or freedom for the first time. He depicts howpeople of all backgrounds worked together for one cause: freedom. I selected Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 as a fictitious example of theevils of censorship in a world that is becoming illiterate. In this book, thegovernment convinces the public that book reading is evil because it spreadsharmful opinions and agitates people against the government. The vast majorityof people accept this censorship of expression without question and are contentto see and hear only the governments propaganda.I found this disturbing yetrealistic. Bradburys hidden opposition to this form of censorship was apparentthroughout the book and finally prevailed in the end when his main characterrebelled against the practice of burning books. Among the many forms of protests are pickets, strikes, public speechesand rallies. Recently in New Jersey, more than a thousand community activistsrallied to draft a human budget that puts the needs of the poor andhandicapped as a top priority.Rallies are an effective means for people touse their freedoms effectively to bring about change from the government. Freedom of speech is constantly being challenged as is evidenced in arecent court case where a Gloucester County school district censored reviews oftwo R-rated movies from a school newspaper. Superior Court Judge, Robert E. Francis ruled that the students rights were violated under the stateConstitution.I feel this is a major break through for students rightsbecause it limits editorial control of school newspapers by educators and allowsstudents to print what they feel is important. A newly proposed bill (A-557) would prevent school officials fromcontrolling the content of student publications. Critics of the bill feel thatstudent journalists may be too young to understand the responsibilities thatcome with free speech.This is a valid point; however, it would provide anexcellent opportunity for them to learn about their First Amendment rights thatguarantees free speech and freedom of the press. In his commencement address to Monmouth College graduates, ProfessorAlan Dershowitz of Harvard Law School defended the broad right to free speech. He stated, My message to you graduates is to assert your rights, to use themresponsibly and boldly, to oppose racism, to oppose sexism, to oppose homophobiaand bigotry of all kinds and to do so within the spirit of the First Amendment,not by creating an exception to it.I agree that one should feel free tospeak openly as long as it does not directly or indirectly lead to the harm ofothers. One of the more controversial issues was the recent 2 Live Crew incidentinvolving obscenity in rap music. Their record, As Nasty as They Wanna Be,was ruled obscene in federal court. They were acquitted of the charges andquickly became a free speech martyr. Although many stores pulled the album,over two million copies sold as a result of the incident.I feel that in thiscase the principles of free speech have been abused because young children canpurchase and listen to this obscene music. The American flag, symbol of our countrys history and patriotism, hasalso become a topic of controversy. The controversy was over the right to burnthe flag without punishment. Supreme CourtJustice William Brennan offeredthe response that if there is a bedrock principle underlying the FirstAmendment, it is that the Government may not prohibit the expression of an ideasimply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable.Burning the flag is considered a form of symbolic speech and therefore isprotected under the First Amendment. As in the 2 Live Crew case, I feel that weare protecting the wrong people in this case. The minority is given precedenceat the sacrifice of the majority. .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .postImageUrl , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:hover , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:visited , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:active { border:0!important; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:active , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rawls View Of Ignorance EssayThe book, American Voices, is a collection of essays on the freedom ofspeech and censorship. I chose to put this collection of essays into my bookbecause they represent the strong central theme of freedom of expression as thecornerstone of American government, culture and life.Each essay stronglydefends a case for free commercial speech. Each was generally in favor of fewerlimitations on freedom of expression. The American voice on freedom has been shaped throughout the course ofhistory by the initial democratic notions of the immigrants to the same desirefor greater freedom that we have today. The freedom of speech has constantlybeen challenged and will continue to be challenged in the future. It isimportant that we learn from the precedented cases of the past of ourconstitutionally protected rights so that in the future authority will notviolate our freedoms or oppress our liberty. Ever since colonial times, the protection of personal freedoms in theUnited States has been significantly important. Even in the early stages ofAmerican history there was an urge to put legally protected freedoms intowritten government documents. The result was the drafting of the first tenamendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, by James Madison. Theapplications of the personal freedoms described in the Bill of Rights,particularly the freedom of speech, have been challenged repeatedly in Americancourts of law and elsewhere. These incidents and challenges of authorityreflect the defensive American attitude toward the ever important freedom ofexpression and the growing significance of personal rights throughout Americanhistory. In Colonial America, members of diverse nationalities had opposing viewson government, religion, and other subjects of interest. Serious confrontationswere prevented because of the vast lands that separated groups of varyingopinions. A person could easily settle in with other like believers and beuntouched by the prejudices and oppression of others. For this reason,Unitarians avoided Anglican or Puritan communities. Quakers and Anabaptistswere confined to Pennsylvania and Rhode Island while Catholics were mainlyconcentrated in Maryland.As the United States grew larger and larger, thesediverse groups were forced to live together. This may have caused individualliberties to be violated because of the distrust and hostile feelings betweenethnic and religious groups. Most of the initial assemblies among the colonies considered themselvesimmune from criticism. They actually issued warrants of arrest, interrogated,fined, and imprisoned anyone accused of libeling the assembly as a whole or anyof its members. Many people were tracked down for writing or speaking works ofoffense. The first assembly to meet in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses,stripped Captain Henry Spellman of his rank when he was found guilty oftreasonable words.Even in the most tolerant colonies, printing was strictlyregulated. The press of William Bradford was seized by the government when heprinted up a copy of the colonys charter. He was charged with seditious libeland spent more than a year in prison. A more famous incident was the trial of John Peter Zenger whichestablished the principle of a free press. In his newspaper he publishedsatirical ballads regarding William Cosby, the unpopular governor, and hiscouncil. His media was described as having in them many things tending toraise seditions and tumults among the people of this province, and to fill theirminds with a contempt for his majestys government.The grand jury did notindict Zenger and the General Assembly refused to take action. The defendantwas acquitted on the basis that in cases of libel the jury should judge both lawand the facts. James Alexander was the first colonial writer to develop a philosophy onthe freedom of speech. He founded the American Philosophical Society andmasterminded the Zenger defense. Alexanders chief conviction was Freedom ofspeech is a principal pillar in a free government: when this support is takenaway, the constitution is dissolved and tyranny is erected on its ruins.The original Constitution did not contain a bill of rights because theconvention delegates felt that individual rights were in no danger and would beprotected by the states. However, the lack of a bill of rights was thestrongest objection to the ratification of the Constitution. Less than a decade after the Bill of Rights had been adopted it met itsfirst serious challenge. In 1798, there was a threat of war with France andthousands of French refugees were living in the United States. Many radicalssupported the French cause and were considered incompatible with social order.This hysteria led Congress to enact several alien and sedition laws. One lawforbade the publication of false, scandalous or malicious writing against thegovernment, Congress or the President. The penalty for this crime was a $2,000fine and two years in prison. The public was enraged at these laws. Thomas Jefferson and JamesMadison pleaded for freedom of speech and the press. The alien and seditionlaws became a prime issue in the presidential election of 1800. Soon afterJefferson was elected, the Sedition Act expired and those who had been convictedunder it were immediately pardoned. The next attack on the First Amendment occurred in 1835. PresidentAndrew Jackson proposed a law that would prohibit the use of mail forincendiary publications intended to instigate the slaves to insurrection.John C. Calhoun of South Carolina led a special committee that opposed theproposal on grounds that it conflicted with the First Amendment. The proposalwas defeated because it was a form of censorship. .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .postImageUrl , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:hover , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:visited , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:active { border:0!important; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:active , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation s Attorney General, about 500 FBI agents and police raided 3,000 Russiansand other European immigrants, looking for Communists to deport. The victimswere arrested without warrants, homes were ransacked, personal property wasseized, and they were hauled off to jail. An even more vicious episode was known as McCarthyism, an incident inthe 1950s when Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin proclaimed that thefederal government had been thoroughly infiltrated by Communist agents. Hisattacks on United States information libraries abroad led to the burning of somebooks accused of being Communist propaganda. Reduced congressional supportcaused many librarians to resign and the closing of libraries. On the morning of December 16, 1965, thirteen year old Mary Beth Tinkerwent to school in Des Moines, Iowa. She and her fifteen year old brother, John,had decided to wear black armbands as a protest to the Vietnam War. In advanceto their arrival, the principal had decided that any student wearing an arm-band would be told to remove it, stating that, The schools are no place fordemonstrations.If the student refused, he would be suspended until thearmband was permanently removed. On December 16, the Tinkers refused to removetheir armbands. They were suspended and did not return to school until afterJanuary 1, when by a previous decision the protest had ended. The students brought suit in federal court to confirm their FirstAmendment right to wear the black armbands. They lost in The Federal DistrictCourt on grounds that this type of symbolic expression might disturb schooldiscipline. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit wasdivided equally(4-4) so the decision remained unchanged. On February 24, 1969, the United States Supreme Court decided in thestudents favor by a vote of 7 to 2. The Tinker v. Des Moines IndependentSchool District decision was a landmark case for students rights and liberties. Speaking for the majority of the Court, Justice Abe Fortas wrote, It can hardlybe argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights tofreedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.During the sixties and early seventies a new wave of court battles forFirst Amendment freedoms emerged. The freedom of speech was recognized as avital element in a democratic society. Censorship and the infringement of FirstAmendment rights, especially among students and their newspapers, could not andwould not be tolerated. American citizens took a firm stand against thegovernment and authority at important times when they could have yielded to theoppressive violations of their rights. ENDNOTESAmendments to the Constitution. Colliers Encyclopedia, 1965 ed. Langston Hughes, The Panther and the Lash (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,Inc., 1967), 55. Langston Hughes, Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.,1981), 291-293. Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451 (New York: Ballantine Books, 1973). Donna Leusner, Social Services Advocates Rally for Human Touch inState Budget, The Star Ledger,9 April 1991: A-3. Student Wins Freedom of Speech Case, Daily Record, 24 April 1991: A-2. Bob McHugh, Free Speech Moves for School Newspapers, The StarLedger, 4 May 1991: A-3. Cathy Bugman, Monmouth Grads Hear Top Lawyer Defend Broad Right toFree Speech, The Star Ledger, 27 May 1991: A-9. David Gates, The Importance of Being Nasty, Newsweek, 2 July 1990:52. Walter Isaacson, Oer the Land of the Free, Time, 3 July 1989: 14-15. . American Voices (New York: Phillip Morris, 1987). The First Freedom Today (Chicago: American Library, 1984), 3. The First Freedom Today, 4. The First Freedom Today. The First Freedom Today, 5. The First Freedom Today. American Voices (New York: Phillip Morris, 1987), 292. The First Freedom Today, 5. The First Freedom Today, 7. Nat Hentoff, The First Freedom (New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1980),4. Hentoff, 5. BIBLIOGRAPHYAmendments to the Constitution. Colliers Encyclopedia. 1965 ed. American Voices. New York: Phillip Morris, 1987. Bollinger, Lee. C. The Tolerant Society. New York:Oxford University Press, 1986. Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Ballantine Books, 1973. Bugman, Cathy. Monmouth Grads Hear Top Lawyer Defend Broad Right toFree Speech. The Star Ledger, 27 May 1991: A-9. First Freedom Today, The. Chicago: American Library Association, 1984. Gates, David. The Importance of Being Nasty. Newsweek, 2 July 1990:52. Hentoff, Nat. The First Freedom. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1980. Hughes, Langston. The Panther and the Lash. New York:Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1967. Hughes, Langston. Selected Poems. New York:Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1981. Isaacson, Walter. Oer the Land of the Free. Time,3 July 1989: 14-15. Kalven, Harry, Jr. A Worthy Tradition. New York: Harper and Row, 1988. Leusner, Donna. Social Services Advocates Rally for Human Touch in StateBudget. The Star Ledger,9 April 1991: A-3. McHugh, Bob. Free Speech Moves for School Newspapers. The Star Ledger, 4May 1991: A-3. Student Wins Freedom of Speech Case. Daily Record,24 April 1991: A-2. Social Issues

Gabriel Prossers Slave Conspiracy Essays

Gabriel Prossers Slave Conspiracy Essays Gabriel Prossers Slave Conspiracy Paper Gabriel Prossers Slave Conspiracy Paper Gabriel Prosser’s Slave Conspiracy In the year 1800 several slaves decided to put up a fight for their rights as American citizens. Gabriel Prosser, a very large, black slave, helped to gather a large sum of fellow slaves and began to plan a revolt, create weapons and ammunitions, and secretly plot their attack. This secret attack remained a secret attack for quite sometime until the governor and a few others caught wind of the slaves’ plans. A few letters had been written in regards of a rebellious act being conjured by slaves. After a few of these letters the governor decided to round up several hundred men, including Manchester’s federal armory, and took a few other measures in an attempt to prevent the slaves plans from following through. Right when the revolt was set to take place a massive storm blew in. This rain should have prevented passageway to the slaves’ destination, but they still managed to cross the broken bridge and meet at their rallying point. Once they reached the other side though, fighting was still out of the question. The slaves then all dispersed. Over the course of the next few days the slaves that participated in this revolt were rounded up. Gabriel himself had attempted to escape with a woman named Mary, but was ratted out by a few Negroes. He was caught and sentenced to death by hanging. They postponed his death date a bit in hopes of getting some more information out of him, but were unable to get much of anything out of him or any other slave. As a matter of fact several men commented on how noble and true to their cause these slaves were. : But eventually Gabriel, along with many of the other slaves that had been caught, the exact number undecided, were hanged. A few more were tossed in jail where one was said to have killed himself, and others escaped without any later records of being caught a second time. Though this revolt did not go quite as planned and the governor was hoping all had come to it’s end, it did arouse tensions in other states such as North Carolina where rebellious acts were becoming more and more heard of. http://chss. montclair. edu/english/furr/spl/gabrielrevolt. html

Leadership of Ghandi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership of Ghandi - Essay Example With all of India praying and fasting there was nobody to run the shops or the telegraph system so India was virtually cut off from any communication and trade from the rest of the world. The British army had to take over the telegraph system so that they could have at least one way to communicate. Gandhi was also a strong believer of 'Satyagraha' which means to use personal dedication to your cause, and which forces you to do what is right. More of Gandhi's methods to achieve his ultimate goal of an independent India were marching and making speeches. Gandhi took many followers to Darishima Salt Works, at which they made two lines formed of men while women were setting up hospital tents near by. Gandhi and another man were first to attempt to get through the gates, which only resulted in multiple beatings. But still the men marched up to the gate. Man after man beaten and taken away by the women to the hospital. Gandhi also made many important speeches. One very important one was when Gandhi told the Indians only to wear homespun. He told them to wear homespun He also spoke about boycotting British goods so that caused the British hardships. Gandhi fasted many times nearly until he was too weak to even speak. He would fast for days in order to prove to his people that fighting was wrong and that non-violence should be used.

Art Curation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art Curation - Research Paper Example With the accommodation of terms such as performative, or self-reflexive, it is clear that curating is no longer only about exhibitions. This form of discourse proves that curating is slowly turning into a visible, self-critical and transparent process. The rising transformation and visibility of the exhibition since the 20th century has encouraged students to develop a motivation for engaging with the history of curation. On one hand, the transformation narrows down to the foundation of new institutions that accommodate for the exhibition of contemporary art, increasing temporalisation of museums as well as expanding the art market with countless art fairs and gallery shows(Vogel, 2013)1. Besides the need to renovate museums and enlarge their temporary exhibition spaces for marketing and other economic-related reasons, an artistic engagement with the museum’s collection has become a critical requirement for everymuseum. Regardless of the fact that these strategies are based on permanent collections, the presentation approaches have replaced the atemporal collection displaythat is viewed as rigid and authoritative(Altshuler, 2012)2. On the other hand, the art exhibition is changing to an extent that it encourages us to appreciate a range of typologies that overshadow the conventional formats of solo, group or thematic shows. The discourse in art curation considers the growth of new artistic practices that include institutional critique or conceptual art(Bourriaud, 2002)3.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Reflection - Essay Example ent stages; the first stage is usually characterized by individual centered ideas whereby each persons views life negatively and tend to behave in horrible manners. The second stage is caused by cultural characteristics which make people perceive their lives as unattractive. Consequently, the third stage of tribal development involves a situation whereby people tend to develop positive feelings about their lives and tend to think it is great while in the real sense it is not. The fourth of tribal development is characterized by a situation where individuals are united by similar positive achievements that are distinct from other tribes hence view themselves as great. Lastly, in the fifth stage people perceive life as great and come together to make decisions that affect the entire tribe. I also learnt that leaders have a great influence on the lives of each individual tribe member and has the responsibility to reach all the members especially at stage one of tribal development in order to enable the tribe to move to the second stage. Leaders also have the responsibility to connect the tribe with other tribes through interaction and consultation with the others. To begin with, I will apply the knowledge on consultation between different tribal leaders to conduct consultation with other leaders in order to facilitate the attainment of my group’s objectives as well as goals. In planning of the Group’s activities, I would conduct meetings with my group members in order to formulate common development objectives hence reducing conflicts that may occur. This knowledge has also increased my understanding that it is imperative for leaders to unite their groups with other groups in order to promote peace and development. These two documents discusses one common skill that is imperative in the improving workers’ performance in various fields; the Transdisciplinarity document discusses the importance of the ability of workers to integrate knowledge and skills from

Management Skills in Security

Management Skills in Security Security Management Introduction Although historically security has experienced a relatively low priority in the corporation’s management structure, post the incidents of 9/11 in the US and 7/7 in the UK this situation has changed dramatically. Therefore, the position and skills of security managers is being looked at in a new light. Within this study, the intention is to address the question of whether managerial skills are of more importance than specialist knowledge for security managers. It is the author’s opinion that the likely conclusion of the research undertaken is that, although managerial skills are of paramount importance to a security manager, because of the delicacy of their position a high level of specialist skills are also essential. Security issues Essentially, security is deemed as being a â€Å"protector of resources† (van der Bijl 2005, p.75). As such, its task is to defend a business against loss, theft and damage. This task includes all areas of the operation, including systems, equipment, property, employees and customers. In the commercial sense, this protection level also extends to the future profitability of sensitive data controlled by the business. The security threat to any organisation manifests itself in a number of ways. In the physical sense burglary, criminal damage and attacks against the employee or customer can be a major problem, particular with an organisation such as the NHS (van der Bijl 2005, p.75), where of necessity there is a high degree of open access. In the non-physical sense there is the potential, particularly with the growth of information technology, for a growth in thefts of personal records, business data, damage, and disruption to internal systems. Incidents in any of these areas will have a significant impact upon the organisation in terms of trust, confidence and cost. Addressing these issues, particularly in larger organisations, requires the business to design and implement a security strategy that is efficient and achieves the desired goals. For this strategy to be effective there is a need for a managerial structure that is able to discern the resources required, including personnel, their tasks, operational procedures and deployment. Managerial duties In general terms, the role of a manager is to ensure the achievement of the objectives that have been set, either by directive from higher management or those outlined within his or her job description. This will include strategic planning, organising and coordinating the tasks, then monitoring and controlling the outcome. Therefore, it is important that the manager possesses the relevant personal and knowledge abilities to complete these tasks (Cowling and Mailer 2004, p.50). Although in many ways the duties of a security manager is similar to that of any other managerial position within the business, their role is defined by the specific sector and culture they are working in (Easterby-Smith and Lyle 2003, p.235). Because of the uniqueness of their position, a security manager’s initial task will be concentrated upon assessing the risk. Before a strategy can be developed, he or she will need to ascertain the nature, location and degree of any potential breaches of security. For example, if it is a physical danger they will need to know where the likelihood of this occurring is; what preventative measures, such as CCTV are in place, and how effective they are. Similarly, in areas such as information technology, the manager will need to assess whether existing protective IT measures are sufficient or in need of improvement. Risk assessment in security requires a high level of expertise and, although this can be undertaken by the use of outside consu ltants, it is equally important that the security manager has a reasonable level of relevant skills, as without these there is an increased potential for strategy failure (can der Bijl 2005, p.77). Only if the manager has some understanding of the risk assessment can he or she ensure the implementation of an effective protection strategy. Having established a strategy, the security manager will need to ensure that he or she has sufficient resources to match and fulfil the objectives of that strategy. In a commercial organisation, as Yu-lee (2002) shows, this is not always a straightforward task as there will usually be a requirement to match the cost of additional resources against the benefits they produce. For example, if deploying security lights it must be proven that they will reduce the incidence of crime and therefore benefit the business in ways such as reducing insurance premiums and raising consumer confidence, thus leading to potential increased profitability. The coordination of tasks, namely ensuring that the information and resources is delivered to the right place at the right time (Mullins 2004, p.421), is an area that also requires an element of skill and knowledge particular within the security industry. If the manager does not have an understanding of the purpose of the task, it is likely that this will lead to errors resulting from incorrect deployment of information or resources. Managing human resources One resource that is crucial to operational security is the personnel. Successful management of human resources is therefore a key skill requirement for the security manager. The success of any business strategy is directly related to the people that operate it, and security is no exception. Managers need to ensure that they get the best out of their employees in terms of their understanding, ability and dedication to the job they are employed to do, and much of this will depend upon the relationship that is developed. In this respect, a successful manager will adopt a leadership role that is a combination of the various leadership models, such as some of those described in the works of Laurie Mullins (2004, p.312). Understanding the needs of the workforce, and creating a harmonious working environment where all employees are motivated to work towards a common goal is the art of good leadership and management. This is especially the case in the modern environment where there is more employee choice (Mullins 2004, p.282). It is equally important for the workforce to feel that they have an involvement and future with the business. The manager can achieve this in two ways. The security manager can improve employee involvement within the organisation by delegation of tasks and encouraging their contribution, by way of ideas and suggestions, to the strategy formation itself. Not only does this empower the employee, it also leads to an expansion of potential solutions available to the security manager, therefore providing an increase in the number of solutions available from which to successfully address potential security issues that arise. Employee development is an equally important area of management duties. Employees will only be competent at their work if their knowledge and training matches the needs of the task that are set for them. Part of the manager’s role is to encourage the development of these skills. An effective manager will be aware of the value of this process, both for the future of the organisation and the employee, and therefore introduce an employee learning and development process as part of their operational strategy. This usually involves the introduction of structured training programmes catering for individual and group employee needs. In most industries, these training programmes will be organised using a combination of internal training, which will include familiarising the employee with the organisation’s policy and specific needs, and external training to ensure they remain updated on industry developments, including the use of modern technology. In the case of certain indivi duals, the training may also include succession targeted learning, where such individuals are considered able to be promoted in the future to management or leadership roles. The level of interrelationship between manager and employee can define good leadership, which in the author’s opinion is an essential element of a manager’s tasks. It is increasingly becoming the consensus of opinion that the quality of leadership is a necessary skill requirement for managers (Mullins 2004, p.284). The employment of the leadership skills described previously demonstrates the manager’s commitment to their employees and, in the majority of cases will produce a favourable result (Mullins 2004 p.316 and 422). In addition, it improves staff retention levels and provides for a level of strategy continuity that is essential in areas such as security. As with other management duties it is apparent that, in the case of managing human resources, there is a need for the manager to have specialist security knowledge. The evaluation of employee creativity and its benefits to the organisation is made more difficult if the manager does not have an understanding of the business special skills. A similarly difficulty would be experienced in the formation and conducting of internal training programmes. Without such knowledge, it is likely that the effectiveness and value of such training programmes will be reduced. Management and knowledge Knowledge, learning, and its management, is important in business. The better understanding brought about by knowledge will lead to a higher level of competency of managers as well as their employees and improve the performance of the business (Mullins 2004, p.393). Staff will react positively to a more competent and experienced manager than they will one who is lacking in the skills associated with their role. The other aspect of knowledge at management level is their increased ability to be able to monitor the strategy that they have implemented and evaluate the performance of their employees. A classic example of the disastrous effects that results from a lack of managerial knowledge can be found in the collapse of Barings bank in the early 2000’s. As Howard Davies explained at the time, this occurred because the bank’s management decided to diversify into an area of the business where they had little or no experience. This and the inability of their financial systems to deal with the new business left them in a position where they were unable to monitor the situation and staff activities until it was too late. In effect, the cause of this collapse could also be attributed to a breakdown in the operation of the internal security systems that these types of financial organisations normally operate. Just as important, as this case proves, is the need for continued learning. H ad the Barings management undergone a process of learning to achieve a competence in the new business skills, the opportunity for security breaches and danger of failure would have been identified earlier and significantly reduced. Conclusion From the research carried out for this study, it is the author’s conclusion that whilst it is essential for security managers to have management skills, their specialist skills are equally important in order for them to be able to effectively and safely manage their areas of responsibility. As van der Bijl (2005, p.77) observed in his paper on security in the NHS, a security manager without the requisite knowledge and skill is â€Å"as daft as employing a financial director without accounting skills.† Skill deficit in such an important aspect of any business, in my opinion would reduce the level and effectiveness of the security manager as much as the lack of management skills. References Bartol, Kathryn M., and Martin, David C (1998). Management. McGraw Hill College. UK. Bohlander, G. W., Snell, S. A., Sherman, A. (2004). Managing human resources (13th ed.). Florence, KY: Thomson Learning Higher Education. Cowling, A.G and Mailer, C.B (2004). Managing Human Resources. 3rd Rev. Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. London, UK. Davies, Howard. (2001). Management skills and competencies in a rapidly changing financial environment. Egon Zehnder International Insurance Symposium. Munich, Germany. Retrieved 3 February 2007 from http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/Library/Communication/Speeches/2001/sp78.shtml Easterby-Smith, Prof. Mark and Lyles, Marjorie (2003). The Blackwell Handbook of Organization Learning and Knowledge Management. Blackwell Publishers. US. Mullins, Laurie J (2004). Management and Organisational Behaviour. 7th Rev. ed. FT Prentice Hall. UK. Muncaster, Phil (2006). Challenges ahead for security managers. IT Week. London, UK Van der Bijl, Nick (2005). Security in modern healthcare. Hospital Engineering and Facilities Management, Issue 2. Yu-Lee, R.G. (2002) Essentials of Capacity Management. John Wiley Sons Inc. p. 150-153

The Positive Impact of Technology on Education Essays -- Teaching Educ

The Positive Impact of Technology on Education Today, technology is found everywhere in education.There are computers in many of the classrooms and schools contain computer labs, or at least numerous computers in the library available to students. In my paper, I want to discuss some of the positive and negative effects that technology has on education. Throughout my schooling, I’ve seen technology go through different stages of importance in education.When I was in elementary, I remember seeing maybe one computer in the whole school.Moving to middle school, each classroom had around two computers for students to use.The library had a small computer lab where computer classes were held and students could sign up to use them.High school consisted of computers in every classroom.The chemistry and physics room had a small computer lab, the library had a lab of about 30 computers, and we had a computer lab down the hall as well.I recently took a visit back to my elementary school and was amazed at the changes that had taken place, all technological.The library was turned into a fu...

Coach Carter Assignment

Coach Carter Management Assignment In the movie, Coach Carter, it is seen that the coaching style of Carter differs from most. In order to be eligible to play for the Richmond basketball team, the players must follow a strict regime outlined in a contract that they are to sign. Some of the rules are that each team member must maintain a 2. 3 GPA, be seated in front of all their classes, and wear a shirt and tie. As it is obvious, most coaches do not have such set of rules. Most coaches only require that the players show up for practice and that’s it.Looking closely at his method of coaching, there are both positive and negative aspects that surround it. Firstly, his rule of ‘all students must be seated in front of the class’ is perceived as a positive aspect. In the movie, it was said that Richmond had a very low success rate. Only 50% of students graduate from Richmond, and the majority of those were girls. This shows that the other half either stay back, or donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t pursue a higher education. With this rule enforced among the players, this will enable them to focus more in class as they will be closer to the teacher allowing them to understand what is going on in class.This will ultimately benefit them as they will be able to graduate and not be part of the 50% who stay back. Carter also required that the players maintain an average of 2. 3. This can be seen as both a positive and negative aspect. Carter made this rule because this is the average required for students to be admitted to college/university. In Carter’s eyes, these players are talented basketball players and if they are able to maintain that average, they will get certainly get into a college where they are offered a basketball scholarship. This shows the advantageous aspect of this rule.However, the negative aspect is that there are those who joined just to simply play basketball. As such, they will not like these rules. In the movie, it is seen that Richmond is a very violent area filled with gangs. If the players are not allowed to play basketball because they do not follow these sets of rules, they will not have a hobby and may potentially be involved in gangs. This is seen in the movie where the parents complained to Carter, stating that the only reason their son isn’t involved in gangs is that because they have a hobby such as basketball.One of the management theories seen by Coach Carter is the ‘Administrative Principles’ by Henri Fayol. This is seen through his applications of division of labour, discipline, and unity of direction. Division of Labour is seen where he decides who is the point guard for the team, and who should be the person who takes the three pointers. For example, Carter made Timo Cruz the person in charge of taking three point shots because that was his specialty. This coincides with one of the principles from the theory of ‘Scientific Management’ which says that managers should care fully select workers with the right abilities for the jobs.Discipline was evident during the court scene where a trial was held in regards to Carter cancelling Richmond’s basketball games because the players did not meet his expectations, i. e. GPA is lower than 2. 3. Carter said that if the students are unable to follow a simple contract that they agreed to, how would this make them be responsible people in the real word? As such, his use of making all members sticking to the agreements they signed taught them discipline. The principle of ‘Unity of direction’ was evident in the final basketball game.Carter would tell the team a certain plan, and all the players did what they had to do to execute the plan. A principle of ‘Bureaucratic Organization’, by Max Weber, was seen as well by Carter. Carter followed the principle of impersonality. The principle of impersonality states that the rules and procedures practiced should be the same for all. For exam ple, when a member is late for practice, they are to do pushups and suicides etc. When his own son came late, he made his son do the same and did not excuse him just because of their father-son relationship. This shows that Carter is equitable towards all.In my opinion, Carter is a good manager because not only did he make Richmond one of the most successful basketball team but does things that benefits the students on the team as well. Firstly, is because of the expectations that he sets out for each student. In order to continue playing for the school basketball team, they must sign a contract promising to achieve basic academic standards. This makes him a good manager because not only does he want the team to win their basketball games, but he cares for each and every individual member by making sure that they have the marks required for further education.Secondly, is that he is not afraid to take action. Sometimes, when things go wrong in a team, the manager/coach just let it sl ide because he/her is afraid of ruining the relationship between them and the team. As seen in the movie, Carter announced a lockout for the Richmond basketball team when he notices that the some of the students did not meet the 2. 3 average. This means that they were not allowed to access the gym for practice, or participate in any games. The reason he did this is because again, he wants the students to put effort into school in hope of a better life portraying that he cares for students on the team.Lastly, is that he promotes a good sense of teamwork. This ties in with the last example about the lockout. There were people on the team who met the 2. 3 GPA but there were some who didn’t. Instead of just banning those who did not meet the standards, he banned the whole team from playing. He wanted every member to support one another and succeed as a whole. Overall, Carter is a great coach because not only did he turn Richmond into a successful basketball team, but cared for ea ch and every member by ensuring that they have the marks needed for higher education etc.If I was the coach, I would mainly use principles from Henri Fayol and ‘The Hawthorne Studies and Human Relations’. Division of Labour, unity of direction, and equity would be found in my style of coaching. I would divide the work up by ability. For example, in basketball, if I was the coach I would make a person who is small but have good shooting skills be responsible for taking three point shots. By telling them that this is their job, this person would not drive into the key and go for a layup because they are small and would possibly be blocked. This job would be saved for a bigger person.As such, if each member played their assigned role, there would be no weakness as they will not conflict with other’s jobs that are not their forte. The idea of unity of direction where the leader makes a single plan and all members execute that plan is in my opinion, very effective. Th is is because I, as the coach, would want what is best for the team. With this mentality, I would devise a plan that is most effective. If the coach doesn’t come up with a plan, someone on the team might have their own ambitions, and do their own thing such as taking tricky shots to impress the crowd.This might result in a loss. I also believe in equity where managers should be kind and fair. This is because if coaches are nice to their players, this would achieve more productivity. The ‘Hawthorne Studies and Human Relations’ showed that people’s feelings, attitudes and relationships with coworkers affect their work and that those who are nicer to their employees will allow them to accomplish more work. As such, if I were a coach, I would use a mix of Henri Fayol and ‘The Hawthorne Studies and Human Relations’ theory.

Ancient China - Periods and Dynasties

Ancient China - Periods and Dynasties Chinese recorded history goes back more than 3000 years and if you add archaeological evidence (including Chinese pottery), another millennium and a half, to roughly 2500 B.C. The center of Chinese government moved repeatedly throughout this period, as China absorbed more of eastern Asia. This article looks at the conventional divisions of the history of China into eras and dynasties, starting with the earliest about which we have any information and continuing through to Communist China. Events of the past, if not forgotten, are teachings about the future. - Sima Qian, Chinese historian of the late second century B.C. The focus here is on the period of ancient Chinese history that begins with the advent of writing (as also for the Ancient Near East, Mesoamerica, and the Indus Valley) and ends with the period that corresponds best with a conventional date for the end of antiquity. Unfortunately, this date makes sense only in Europe: A.D. 476. That year is in the middle of the relevant Chinese period, the Southern Song and Northern Wei Dynasties, and is of no special significance for Chinese history. Neolithic First, according to historian Sima Qian, who chose to begin his Shiji (Records of the Historian) with the Yellow Emperor tale, Huang Di unified tribes along the Yellow River valley nearly 5,000 years ago. For these achievements, he is considered the founder of the Chinese nation and culture. Ever since 200BC, Chinese rulers, imperial and otherwise, have considered it politically convenient to sponsor an annual memorial ceremony in his honor. [URL www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/05/04/2003306109] Taipei Times - Dumping the Yellow Emperor Myth The Neolithic (neonew lithicstone) Period of Ancient China lasted from about 12,000 until about 2000 B.C. Hunting, gathering, and agriculture were practiced during this period. Silk was also produced from mulberry leaf-fed silkworms. The pottery forms of the Neolithic period were painted and black, representing the two cultural groups, Yangshao (in the mountains of the north and west of China) and Lungshan (in the plains in eastern China), as well as utilitarian forms for daily use. Xia It had been thought that the Xia were a myth, but radiocarbon evidence for this Bronze Age people suggests that the period ran from 2100 to 1800 B.C. Bronze vessels found at Erlitou along the Yellow River, in northern central China, also attest to the reality of the Xia. The agrarian Xia were ancestors of the Shang. More on the Xia Reference: [URL www.nga.gov/exhibitions/chbro_bron.shtm] The Golden Age of Classical Archaeology Beginning of the Historical Era: Shang The truth about the Shang (c. 1700-1027 B.C.), who, like the Xia, had been considered mythical, came as a result of the discovery of the writing on oracle bones. It is traditionally believed that there were 30 kings and 7 capitals of the Shang. The ruler lived at the center of his capital. The Shang had bronze weapons and vessels, as well as earthenware. The Shang are credited with inventing Chinese writing because there are written records, notably the oracle bones. More on the Shang Dynasty Zhou The Zhou were originally semi-nomadic and had co-existed with the Shang. The dynasty began with Kings Wen (Ji Chang) and Zhou Wuwang (Ji Fa) who were considered ideal rulers, patrons of the arts, and descendants of the Yellow Emperor. The great philosophers flourished in the Zhou period. They banned human sacrifice. The Zhou developed a feudal-like system of allegiance and government that lasted as long as any other dynasty in the world, from about 1040-221 B.C. It was adaptable enough that it survived when barbarian invaders forced the Zhou to move their capital to the East. The Zhou period is sub-divided into: Western Zhou 1027-771 B.C.Eastern Zhou 770-221 B.C.770-476 B.C. Spring and Autumn period475-221 B.C. Warring States period During this period, iron tools were developed and population exploded. During the Warring States Period, only the Qin defeated their enemies. More on the Zhou Dynasty Qin The Qin Dynasty, which lasted from 221-206 B.C., was begun by the architect of the Great Wall of China, the first emperor, Qin Shihuangdi (aka Shi Huangdi or Shih Huang-ti) (r. 246/221 [start of the empire] -210 B.C.). The wall was built to repel nomadic invaders, the Xiongnu. Highways were also built. When he died, the emperor was buried in an enormous tomb with a terra cotta army for protection (alternatively, servants). During this period the feudal system was replaced by a strong central bureaucracy. The second emperor of the Qin was Qin Ershi Huangdi (Ying Huhai) who ruled from 209-207 B.C. The third emperor was the King of Qin (Ying Ziying) who ruled in 207 B.C. More on the Qin Dynasty Han The Han Dynasty, which was founded by Liu Bang (Han Gaozu), lasted for four centuries (206 B.C.- A.D. 8, 25-220). During this period, Confucianism became state doctrine. China had contact with the west via the Silk Road during this period. Under Emperor Han Wudi, the empire expanded into Asia. The dynasty is to divided into a Western Han and an Eastern Han because there was a split following the unsuccessful attempt by Wang Mang to reform the government. At the end of the Eastern Han, the empire was divided into three kingdoms by powerful warlords. More on the Han Dynasty Political disunity followed the collapse of the Han Dynasty. This was when the Chinese developed gunpowder for fireworks. Next: Three Kingdoms and Chin (Jin) Dynasty Source of Quote Archaeology and Chinese Historiography, by K. C. Chang. World Archaeology, Vol. 13, No. 2, Regional Traditions of Archaeological Research I (Oct., 1981), pp. 156-169. Ancient Chinese Pages From Kris Hirst: Archaeology at About.com Longshan CultureA Neolithic culture of the Yellow River Valley.Beixin CultureAnother Neolithic Chinese culture.DawenkouLate Neolithic period of Shandong Province.Shandong Excavations Six Dynasties Three Kingdoms After the Han Dynasty of ancient China there was a period of constant civil war. The period from 220 to 589 is often called the period of 6 dynasties, which covers the Three Kingdoms, Chin Dynasty, and Southern and Northern Dynasties. At the start, the three leading economic centers of the Han Dynasty (the Three  kingdoms) tried to unify the land: The Cao-Wei Empire (220-265) from northern ChinaThe Shu-Han Empire (221-263) from the west, andThe Wu Empire (222-280) from the east, the most powerful of the three, based on a system of confederation of powerful families, which conquered the Shu in A.D. 263. During the period of the three kingdoms, tea was discovered, Buddhism spread, Buddhist pagodas were built, and porcelain was created. Chin Dynasty Also known as the  Jin Dynasty  (A.D. 265-420), the dynasty was started by Ssu-ma Yen (Sima Yan), who ruled as Emperor Wu Ti from A.D. 265-289. He reunified China in 280 by conquering the Wu kingdom. After reuniting, he ordered the disbanding of the armies, but this order was not uniformly obeyed. The Huns eventually defeated the  Chin,  but were never very strong. The Chin fled their capital, in Luoyang, ruling from 317-420, in  Jiankan  (modern Nanking), as the Eastern Chin (Dongjin). The earlier Chin period (265-316) is known as the Western Chin (Xijin). The culture of the Eastern Chin, remote from the Yellow River plains, developed a different culture from that of northern China. The Eastern Chin  were  the first of the Southern dynasties. Northern and Southern Dynasties Another period of disunity, the period of the Northern and Southern dynasties lasted from 317-589. The Northern Dynasties were The Northern Wei (386-533)The Eastern Wei (534-540)The Western Wei (535-557)The Northern Qi (550-577)The Northern Zhou (557-588) The Southern Dynasties were The Song (420-478)The Qi (479-501)The Liang (502-556)The Chen (557-588) The remaining dynasties are clearly medieval or modern and so are beyond the scope of this site: Classical Imperial ChinaSui 580-618 A.D. This short dynasty had two emperors Yang Chien (Emperor Wen Ti), an official of the northern Zhou, and his son Emperor Yang. They built canals and fortified the Great Wall on the northern frontier and began expensive military campaigns.Tang 618-907 A.D. The Tang composed a penal code and started a land distribution project to help the peasants, and expanded the empire into Iran, Manchuria, and Korea. White, true porcelain was developed.Five Dynasties 907-960 A.D.907-923 Later Liang923-936 Later Tang936-946 Later Jin947-950 Later Han951-960 Later ZhouTen Kingdoms A.D. 907-979Song A.D. 960-1279 Gunpowder was used in siege warfare. Foreign trade expanded. Neo-Confucianism developed.960-1125 Northern Song1127-1279 Southern SongLiao A.D. 916-1125Western Xia A.D. 1038-1227Jin A.D. 1115-1234Later Imperial ChinaYuan A.D. 1279-1368 China was ruled by MongolsMing A.D. 1368-1644 A peasant, Hongwu, led the revolt against the Mongolians to form this dynasty, which improved conditions for peasants. Most of the  Great Wall  known today was built or repaired during the Ming Dynasty.Qing A.D. 1644-1911 The Manchu (from Manchuria) ruled China. They instituted dress and hair policies for Chinese men. They unsuccessfully outlawed footbinding.

Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment essay

Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment essay Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment essay Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment essayIn what ways can an understanding of the stages of adulthood be helpful? Do you think that knowing about these stages beforehand can make experiencing the stages any easier or more enjoyable? Why or why not?The understanding of the stages of adulthood may be helpful in terms of understanding profound transformations that take place in the life of individuals. This understanding will facilitate overcoming possible problems and difficulties that individuals may experienced, for instance, in the middle adulthood.What are some of the developmental challenges and risks that accompany the transition from high school to college? What are the key markers in the United States that signal when an individual enters adulthood?The major developmental challenges and risks associated with the transition from high school to college are the transition to the independent life in the college compared to the high school life, when individuals remain within their families. The independent life of individuals and their ability to earn for living are the major markers when individuals enter adulthood.Research has shown that many risky behaviors, such as binge drinking and casual sex, increase during early adulthood. At the same time, individuals are becoming more cognitively advanced. Why is there such a discrepancy between increased cognitive ability and poor decision-making that occurs during this developmental period?Increased cognitive ability is the result of the completion of basic skills and abilities as well as the formation of the basic system of values. However, they may have poor decision-making because of the lack of experience of taking important decisions and the system of values that may be changing in the course of life.Men and women have very different approaches to relationships and intimacy. How can we overcome these differences to have healthy, happy relationships?Men and women can overcome differences i n their relationships and intimacy through learning those differences that will help them to understand them better.

Part II CIKR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Part II CIKR - Essay Example With respect to this alternative approach, FEMA immediately began by sending to the region not only emergency management equipment and personnel but also a special team which has been subsequently termed as an â€Å"Innovation Team†. This innovation team was tasked with the responsibility of acting as a direct go-between for the stakeholders at the FEMA regional offices in New York City and the first responders on the ground. Prior emergency response had noted that a clear disconnect has been evidenced between the first responders and those individuals who are seeking to mitigate an action plan within the offices of the regional/local headquarters. As a means of providing a fresh set of eyes to the situation and acting as an attache to the different groups responsible for operations on the ground, the innovation team was able to connect internal and external groups to cooperate in a more efficient and time sensitive method. Naturally, even though the utilization of such a team necessarily took away from the overall manpower/resources which could be deployed with respect to emergency management operations, it was the understanding of FEMA, upon review and analysis of the operational plan and action of Sandy response, that the integration of the innovation team ultimately increase efficiency far beyond what could have been done if the same level of personnel were utilized in operations alone. Some of the most salient takeaways from post operational review of the innovation team and the means by which it responded denoted the fact that three specific areas within emergency operations were able to notice a marked improvement. The first of these was with regards to the overall level of emphasis that was placed upon communication. Naturally, after such a disaster, FEMA had traditionally been tasked with providing interoperable communications to all the stakeholders on the ground. However, the sheer complexity and interconnectivity of the existing communication s, as well as the damage that was performed, meant that FEMA’s role within interoperable communications and the provision of ensuring effective communications between key stakeholders needed a much higher level of emphasis. Yet, even with this oversight, the innovation team was able to point to these drawbacks and ameliorate them prior to these becoming a major pickup in the emergency response that FEMA was providing. A further level of growth and insight that the innovation team was able to provide was the fact that innovations that include cost savings and can produce most tangible and intangible benefits were the most beneficial towards the allocation of appropriate resources. Naturally, within the time of disaster, such as hurricane Sandy necessarily represented, the availability of these resources and the ultimate efficiency through which they could be provided was an element of the utmost importance. Accordingly, in order to ensure that these resources were utilized to a maximal and efficient level, the Innovation Team was able to provide useful feedback in order to determine how allocation of resources could be improved in the future. By analyzing the historical growth and appreciation for CIKR and the way in

Union Management and Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Union Management and Organization - Essay Example Union Management and Organization USA as country was growing due to rapid industrialization during 19th century as subsequently demand for labors was also growing at rapid pace. Historians named the phase as ‘Industrial Revolution† and as the frequency of inclusion of labors in the workforce increased subsequently the fear of insecurity from owners of the industry was automatically generated among workers. At that time, labors came across various examples of mistreatment such as physical abuse, extended work hours etc conducted by the owners of organizations and in such situation, they felt the urge of a protector group who can communicate the demand of labors to owners. As the time passed by, the protector group became the first organized union in USA. In 1837, the union of labors demanded to reduce the work hour and make it of less than 10 hours and finally organizations were compelled to grant the legislation of ten-hour workdays. After the success of first attempt to form organized labor union, small level city unions had organized and successfully established National Labor Union during 1866 (Murray, 2011). National Labor Union lobbied for Federal eight-hour workday but the demand was set for only government workers. At that time, two separate groups were also formed American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Knights of Labor in order to protect interest of workers. During late 19th century and early 20th century, valuation of unskilled labor pool in USA decreased due to the fact that owners of the organization had started to replace the unskilled workers by immigrants. As a result, unskilled workers in USA became vulnerable to low wages and poor working condition and these labors organized riots and strike in order to get their demands noticed (Murray, 2011). For example, strike by United Mine workers and Pullman Railroad workers in Pennsylvania were ended by Federal Government interventions. In many instances, AFL pressed Federal Congress to amend Union Labor Law and U.S. Departm ent of Labor was created in order to protect the rights and interest of wage earners. For example, Clayton Act was passed in 1914 in order to legalize boycotts and strikes. However, the situation had changed during Great Depression because during Great Depression, unemployment rate in USA significantly increased. At that time, legal act like Fair Labor Standards Act and Public Contracts Act were passed in order to address issues like child labor, overtime pay and minimum wage. Unionization had lost its wind during World War II and labor organization took no-strike policy at that time. After the War, Civil Rights Acts and Equal Pay Act were passed during 1960’s in order to address discrimination in workplace. After understanding the historical context of Union Labor Management, the essay will shed light on actions of unions and management to determine basic compliance with the major U.S. federal labor laws. According to draft published by U.S Department of Labor (2011), there should be an Administrator which will direct and supervise the actions of unions and management in the organization. According to the direction of Administrator, management and unions should appoint, select and classify labors in accordance to their merit. Unions should contact management regarding any discrimination in terms of wage, racial, working hour etc and both of them should take actions

Instrumentation systems assignment Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instrumentation systems assignment - Lab Report Example Single-point adjustment allows for the linear characteristic curve to be shifted in positive or negative direction over the entire measuring range. The large selection of pressure units of up to 6 different units is possible. It is far more than any complicated dual-scale, or multi-scale gauge can offer. The digital pressure gauge has a selection point for the required display unit to be posted on the screen. The desired value can be read directly eliminating the need for conversions (Kobata, Kojima and Kajikawa, 2012). Pressure is applied to the pressure sensors within the equipment. These sensors can either be resistive, capacitive or piezoelectric crystals. A pressure on the crystals causes a generation of electric current due to the piezoelectric effect. Since the generated voltages are slight, an amplifier is used to amplify the output to a readable value. The output is in analog form due to the analog sinusoidal voltage output from the transducers. The analog to digital converter is thus used to convert the analog output to produce its digital counterpart for ease of reading. The final output is displayed on a digital display screen (Morris, 2001). There are two operating keys on the Reference Type E. The left key turns the instrument on while at the same time used to execute its functions. Contrarily, the right key helps in switching between the MAX and MIN-value. The device displays the pressure range after turn-on for two seconds before changing into measuring mode. The functions of the device include: An indication on the display shows if the ZERO- and/or CONT-function is activated. By pressing the left key until ZERO and/or CONT disappears, the zero is reset to factory settings with the possibilities of reactivating the automatic turn-off function. It the actual pressure goes beyond the measuring range, OFL (overflow) appears on the display (Quinn, 1970). Pressures of known values were

Examples of ways to establish ground Essay Example for Free

Examples of ways to establish ground Essay Produce a briefing document for a new member of staff who will be delivering classes in your specialist area embedding functional skills. The document should demonstrate your understanding of: a) ways to establish ground rules with learners Beginners Massage Course Introductory Weekend Briefing document The aim of the Beginners Massage Course Introductory Weekend is to give people the chance to learn a few basic massage techniques and explore their interest in massage without having to commit to a full study programme. Before embarking on teaching the Intro weekend it is important to understand the need for ground rules: those already set by the organisation/ set by you, set by the learners themselves before /or during the course and rules agreed by both of you. Organisational Please read through our organisational policies procedures including Health Safety Fire policy; this enables you to understand what to do in the event of a fire and to instruct your students/learners on the evacuation procedure. the syllabus gives clear objectives; lesson plans with suggested time frames, how to assess, monitor and review the achievements of the students, different methods of teaching, resources to hand (course manuals,whiteboard etc.), progression routes from beginners, anatomy physiology through to practitioner level and also more course specific health and safety guidelines including advice on dress, jewellery, hygiene, use of equipment and the continuous observation of posture and correct stoke techniques. These provide a structure for the course for you the students to follow, supports the diversification of learning skills (demonstration, verbal, hands on, handouts etc.) and give clear guidelines on where to go next with their knowledge. There are a maximum of 10 students per class with a mix of male female of all ages though minimum age is 21. Due both to the  size of the room and our past experience we have found that this is an ideal number for a learning group. Requirements sent to all students at time of booking: please arrive by 9.50am you may wish to change into loose comfortable clothing please bring 2 large bath towels leave all your valuable at home i.e. we rings, necklaces, earrings etc. as we cannot be responsible for any loss or damage to these items as they will have to be removed during the class For the comfort of the student you will be working with, please ensure your nails are short. These requirements ensure the smooth running of the course, all students having correct equipment/can learn equally and the well-being of students. Tutor set At the start of the course it is good practice to establish some basic housekeeping practices: evacuation procedures, whereabouts of toilets, suggested break/lunch times and use of mobile phones. Introduce yourself. This gives a little of your background to the students, gives them an idea of where they can go and your experience. Give a brief overview of the weekend, how it will run Review/ recap at the end of each day what they have learnt and ask if there are any questions/areas that need attention. This way give structure to the course and helps manage expectations for the students. Student led/negotiated Give students opportunity to introduce themselves Students choose to work with another student and this partner can be kept for the whole weekend or they may change. Students are more compliant when they set the rules so allow them to decide if when they are ready to move onto the next technique or wish to review and repeat what they have already done. This way gives opportunity to learn the syllabus whilst allowing some fluidity in what pace the class moves at, allows access for everyone to learn equally and working with individual learning requirements. Understanding more about each other gives a feeling of community or familiarity within the group so mutual respect empathy can take place.

Dangers With Living in Close Proximity to Power Lines

Dangers With Living in Close Proximity to Power Lines Research Task: ASSESSMENT OF DANGERS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO POWER LINES GAËLLE ROBERTSON Introduction There have been several deliberations about the biological effects of exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) and their possible detrimental effects on the health of humans and animals over the years. Illnesses attributed to power lines include abnormal heart pulses, leukaemia, cancers, miscarriages, birth defects, and other conditions that might lead to premature death. Regardless of the conclusions of many studies that find no evident risks, many people remain uncertain about the safety of power lines. The aim of this investigation is to determine and discuss the ethical issues behind power lines in residential areas and whether there are dangers that should be seriously considered. Research Question Are electromagnetic fields around power lines harmful to people living in close proximity to them? Hypothesis Those exposed to power lines in close proximity for long periods of time may obtain health problems however the power lines are not the main cause of the health issue but rather a factor. The reason for this is that there is not sufficient research conducted to prove that power lines are dangerous and that no health programmes have advised people to refrain from living near power lines or protected them from them either. There are many possible risks associated with electromagnetic radiation as it is not only available from power lines but also from apparatus such as microwave ovens, computers, wireless networks and cell phones. However these are more powerful forms of electromagnetic fields that are essentially more detrimental to human health than power lines. Data Research All electricity is generated, transmitted, or used and electric and magnetic fields are created due to the existence and motion of electric charges. (Gledhill, 2014) An electromagnetic field (EMF) has two components: an electric field and a magnetic field. When two objects have a voltage difference between them, an electric field is created. There is an electric field between a power line and the ground below because the power line is at a large voltage relative to the ground. (Nedlands, 2006)The electric field is measured in volts per meter (V/m) or in kilovolts per meter (kV/m). (See Figure 1 below) A magnetic field exists when electric current flows through a wire. Thus magnetic fields surround the power lines conducting current from the power station to residential areas. (Geoff Cackett, 1979)Transformers decrease these high voltages for local distribution to homes and businesses. Figure 1 – Graph indicating the relationship between the Magnetic Field and Distance from the High-Voltage Power Line (Runge, 2011) The magnetic field from a power line can vary extensively because the current in the wires depends on the amount of power expended. In contrast, the electric field from a power line varies very little because the voltage fundamentally remains constant. In general, these fields are time-varying vector quantities categorised by a number of constraints which include their frequency, phase, direction, and magnitude. (Portier, 1998) Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are areas of energy that are invisible and connected with the usage of electrical power(Birnbaum, 2014)EMFs are characterized by wavelength or frequency into one of two radioactive categories: non-ionizing and ionizing.( See Figure 2 below) High-voltage power lines that transmit electricity expose anything nearby to electromagnetic radiation as they create electromagnetic fields around them. (Goldberg, 2014) Electromagnetic radiation is any form of energy that is sent as waves or rays between two places. Electricity and magnetism are both jointly responsible for many kinds of radiation. (Knapp, 2002) Figure 2 Table indicating differences between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation types (Gledhill, 2014) The strongest EMFs are found around those major transmissioned lines that carry the highest voltages and currents. EMFs are also present around suburban distribution systems that carry large currents but at much lower voltages,. (Nedlands, 2006) Electric and magnetic fields are also different in the way they interact with our bodies. Electric fields have very little penetration, while magnetic fields can penetrate to our inner organs. (Toufexis, 1989) A biological effect is any change that could occur either short term or long term in the physical state of the human body. (Runge, 2011) EMF’s are able to induce the conductive matter of the human body and may result in observed changes in the human health. The epidemiological studies have inspired laboratory research into how EMFs could be associated with cancer. It is generally recognised by researchers that EMFs cannot initiate a cancer. They suggest instead that EMFs may play a part in promoting the growth of an existing cancer. Researchers from the University of Tasmania and Britains Bristol University(See Figure 3 below) found that in a study of 850 lymphoma, leukaemia and cancer related conditions that living for an elongated period near high-voltage power lines increased the risk for these conditions much later in life (Zeman, 2011). However, the British Medical Journal published a paper on the investigation of the effect of 50 Hz magnetic fields on the existence of several types of cancer and concluded by stating that the extremely low frequency magnetic fields of high voltage power lines at typical residential levels do not appear to be associated with an increase in cancer among various adults; this also pertains for the haematological malignancies and for tumours of the nervous system as well as for the male and female hormone related cancers in genitals. (Verkasalo., 1996) As for specific cancer types, the presence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields remains indefinite. Numerous studies appea r to display a weak association between incidence of some cancers and the exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields. The reason for this is that the electromagnetic energy from power lines are of extremely low frequency and therefore low energy. They are evidently different in frequency from ionizing radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays and are non-ionizing. Biological material absorbs the energy from higher-frequency more readily. In contrast, extremely low frequency EMF does not have enough energy to heat body tissues or cause ionization. Generally, the evidence that power line fields cause or donate to cancer is weak to non-existent according to most scientists. Figure 3 – The study conducted by the University of Tasmania and Britains Bristol University produced these results. (Zeman, 2011) According to ESKOM and several other studies, electric fields of the intensity encountered close to power lines, cannot damage crops. (See Figure 4 below) Laboratory studies that expose animals to electromagnetic fields, looking for variations in body function, chemistry, behaviour or general health and have also concluded that they have no effect on the fertility, behaviour, carcass quality, reproduction, meat, milk and egg production or the development of their offspring. (Rayleigh, 2006) Figure 4 – Table indicating results of various investigations conducted on the effects of power lines on crops (Rayleigh, 2006) Disadvantages of power lines in residential areas: Recent studies approve a reported association between eminent long term health risks (e.g. cancer) and proximity to residential power lines, but it is not certain if the observation is coincidental or not. Physical impossibility of any health effect has been argued by scientists due to weak levels of EMFs, while others uphold that the potential health risks should not be terminated. (Zeman, 2011) The World Health Organization (WHO) publications state that EMF such as those from power lines, can also cause short term symptoms such as headaches, fatigue,anxiety, insomnia, prickling and/or burning skin, rashesand muscle pain. (Verkasalo., 1996) Power lines are not visually appealing in residential areas and are more prone to external damage as they are exposed to people living around them. Advantages of power lines in residential areas: House prices are less expensive closer to power lines as people usually look for homes without obstructions. Any technical or maintenance problems are fixed as soon as possible as many people depend on the residential power lines. There is no compelling evidence of health hazards from power lines as many forms or research indicate that some health risks are associated with power lines in close proximity but it does not prove that they are the direct cause of any biological dangers. (Goldberg, 2014) CONCLUSION Therefore there are known health risks that appear to relate to power lines and their electromagnetic fields emitted but no evidence completely proves that biological effects have been conclusively demonstrated to be caused by living near high-voltage power lines. Many scientists believe that exposure to the low-level EMFs near power lines is safe, but some scientists continue research to look for possible health risks associated with these fields. The risks are clearly small if there are any risks associated with living near power lines. References Birnbaum, L. S., 2014. Department of Health and Human Services. [Online] Available at: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/od/index.cfm [Accessed 2 August 2014]. Geoff Cackett, R. K. A. S., 1979. Core Physics. In: C. Ratray, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 211. Gledhill, M., 2014. Electromagnetic fields (EMF). [Online] Available at: http://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/ [Accessed 2 August 2014]. Goldberg, R. B., 2014. Environment, Health and Safety. [Online] Available at: http://www.ehso.com/ehshome/emf.htm [Accessed 2 August 2014]. Knapp, B., 2002. Visual Science Encyclopedia. In: M. Sanders, ed. Heat and Energy. Danbury: Grolier Educational, pp. 13-14. Nedlands, 2006. Powerlines, Electromagnetic Fields and Health. [Online] Available at: http://www.public.health.wa.gov.au/cproot/1372/2/Powerlines_Electromagnetic_Fields_and_Health.pdf [Accessed 2 August 2014]. Portier, C. J., 1998. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. [Online] Available at: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/emf1.pdf [Accessed 2 August 2014]. Rayleigh, R., 2006. EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS, IONS AND NOISE. [Online] Available at: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/sites/default/files/publication/88 DC lines cattle crops (88).pdf [Accessed 2 August 2014]. Runge, K., 2011. Eskom Fact Sheet. [Online] Available at: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid. [Accessed 3 August 2014]. 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